PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES
2025. Campo-Ruiz, I. “Artificial intelligence may affect diversity: architecture and cultural context reflected through ChatGPT, Midjourney, and Google Maps.” Springer Nature Portfolio Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 12, 24 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03968-5
This study aims to understand how widely used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools reflect the cultural context through the built environment. This research explores how outputs obtained with ChatGPT-4o, Midjourney’s bot on Discord and Google Maps represent the cultural context of Stockholm, Sweden. Results suggest that the generative AI systems analysed convey a narrow view of the cultural context, prioritising buildings and a sense of cultural context that is curated, exhibited and commercialised. Generative AI tools could jeopardise cultural diversity by prioritising some ideas and places as “cultural”, exacerbating power relationships and even aggravating segregation. Despite the current potential reduction of diversity of the cultural context, AI providers have a unique opportunity to produce more nuanced outputs, which promote more societal diversity and equality.
2024. Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Controlling the environment with Artificial Intelligence risks intensifying social inequalities and colonization.” Open Research Europe, 4, 16. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.16333.1
2024. Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Economic powers encompass the largest cultural buildings: market, culture and equality in Stockholm, Sweden (1918–2023).” ArchNet-IJAR. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-06-2023-0160
2016. Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “The Separating and Connecting Nature of Architectural Limits: Sigurd Lewerentz and Site.” Esempi di Architettura 3/1 (2016): 41-51. ISSN 2035-7982.
2015. Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “From Tradition to Innovation: Lewerentz’s Designs of Ritual Spaces in Sweden, 1914-1966.” The Journal of Architecture 20/1 (2015): 73-91. ISBN 978-1-138-80283-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2015.1009483
This paper analyses how Lewerentz’s study of traditional construction methods affected his design of ritual spaces from 1914 to 1966, and explores his statements about tradition as compared with his built projects. Lewerentz’s shifting regard for tradition defines a novel framework in which to consider his extensive production in an all-inclusive way. His use of tradition as a resource to produce novel designs provides a lens through which to examine innovation, establishing continuity with existing designs.
2015. Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Equality in Death: Sigurd Lewerentz and the Planning of Malmö Eastern Cemetery 1916-1973.” Planning Perspectives 30/4: 639-657. ISSN 1460-1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2015.1048524
Malmö Eastern Cemetery (1916–1973) was designed by Sigurd Lewerentz (1885–1975) and represented an ambitious experiment: a new scale of cemetery landscape, which involved planting vegetation anew and detracted from sweeping picturesque designs. This paper analyses how Lewerentz’s approach to equality affected his design of Malmö Eastern Cemetery. Lewerentz’s homogenizing decisions in planning Malmö cemetery provide a lens through which to examine how equality has shaped discussions around commemoration, representing ideals of societies across history and the underlying tensions between individual freedom and society.
2015. Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Malmö Eastern Cemetery and Lewerentz’s Critical Approach to Monumentality.” Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 35/4 (2015): 328-344. ISSN 1460-1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2015.1079422
2015. Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Construction as a Prototype: the Novel Approach by Sigurd Lewerentz to Using Building Materials, Especially in Walls and Windows, 1920-72.” Construction History 30 Nov (2015): 67-86. ISSN 0267-7768.
This article analyses the experimentation in construction by Swedish engineer-architect Sigurd Lewerentz (1885-1975) by tracing the successive simplification of window frames and doors and the rethinking of wall construction between the late 1920s and the early 1970s. His construction methods define a framework of research in which rethinking the use of daily materials exemplifies a way of innovating, as well as a critical stance to many contemporary architectural developments of his time.
INTERNATIONAL PhD IN ADVANCED ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid UPM, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid ETSAM, Department of Architectural Projects, Spain.
International PhD Thesis Title: Lewerentz in Malmö. Intersections between Architecture and Landscape. http://oa.upm.es/37882/
2013. Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Less or More? The Construction of Lewerentz’s Kiosk in the Malmö Cemetery.” Progreso, Proyecto, Arquitectura 8 (2013): 132-147. Listed in Avery Index. ISSN 21716897. https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/ppa/article/view/63/68
This analysis focuses on the potential of construction details for transforming the surrounding space of a building. The doors, the windows, the roof, and other elements are analyzed regarding their impact on the inside and the surrounding space of the flower kiosk of Malmo Eastern Cemetery, designed by Sigurd Lewerentz in 1969. The flower kiosk shows how even minor construction elements may have a significant impact on the relationship between a project and its environment.