INGRID CAMPO RUIZ

2024. Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Controlling the environment with Artificial Intelligence risks intensifying social inequalities and colonization.” Open Research Europe, 4, 16.  https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.16333.1

2024. Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Economic powers encompass the largest cultural buildings: market, culture and equality in Stockholm, Sweden (1918–2023).” ArchNet-IJAR. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-06-2023-0160

2016

Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “The Separating and Connecting Nature of Architectural Limits: Sigurd Lewerentz and Site.” Esempi di Architettura 3/1 (2016): 41-51. ISSN 2035-7982.

2015

Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “From Tradition to Innovation: Lewerentz’s Designs of Ritual Spaces in Sweden, 1914-1966.” The Journal of Architecture 20/1 (2015): 73-91. ISBN 978-1-138-80283-4. DOI:10.1080/13602365.2015.1009483.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2015.1009483

Sigurd Lewerentz’s architectural production throughout the twentieth century set a course for subsequent developments in Sweden, and the various monographs and analyses featuring his work to date reveal his lasting influence on international architectural discourse. Reyner Banham included Lewerentz in his book The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic?. While his British Brutalist counterparts explored everyday life after the 1950s, Lewerentz’s connection with popular culture was strongly tied to tradition. This paper analyses how Lewerentz’s study of traditional construction methods affected his design of ritual spaces from 1914 to 1966, and explores his statements about tradition as compared with his built projects. His initial years reflect his adhesion to tradition, as a reaction to some of the existing practices in Sweden. After 1940, Lewerentz sought to reassess existing models and in his last projects referred to heritage as a basis for innovation and for interpreting traditional construction elements in novel ways. Lewerentz’s shifting regard for tradition defines a novel framework in which to consider his extensive production in an all-inclusive way. His use of tradition as a resource to produce novel designs provides a lens through which to examine innovation, establishing continuity with existing designs.

Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Equality in Death: Sigurd Lewerentz and the Planning of Malmö Eastern Cemetery 1916-1973.” Planning Perspectives 30/4: 639-657. ISSN 1460-1176. DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2015.1048524.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2015.1048524

The exponential growth of industrialized cities at the turn of the twentieth century led town planners and architects in Sweden to design new cemeteries and engage in the discussion with novel approaches to commemoration. Malmö Eastern Cemetery (1916–1973) was designed by Sigurd Lewerentz (1885–1975) and represented an ambitious experiment: a new scale of cemetery landscape, which involved planting vegetation anew and detracted from sweeping picturesque designs. This paper analyses how Lewerentz’s approach to the equality of individual tombstones affected his design of Malmö Eastern Cemetery, both in terms of burial spaces for individuals and the commemorative public realm. Based on archival research and field work, this paper delves into the interplay between the cemetery designers and the different urban planners of Malmö over a period of dramatic transformation in the eastern districts of the increasingly industrialized city. Although Lewerentz initially differentiated between tombstones, after 1922 he reconsidered his cemetery plans, setting standards that made commemoration accessible to everyone while limiting individual choices. Lewerentz’s homogenizing decisions in planning Malmö cemetery provide a lens through which to examine how equality has shaped discussions around commemoration, representing ideals of societies across history and the underlying tensions between individual freedom and society.

Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Malmö Eastern Cemetery and Lewerentz’s Critical Approach to Monumentality.” Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 35/4 (2015): 328-344. ISSN 1460-1176. DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2015.1079422.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2015.1079422

Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Construction as a Prototype: the Novel Approach by Sigurd Lewerentz to Using Building Materials, Especially in Walls and Windows, 1920-72.” Construction History 30 Nov (2015): 67-86. ISSN 0267-7768.

This article analyses the experimentation in construction by Swedish engineer-architect Sigurd Lewerentz (1885-1975) by tracing the successive simplification of window frames and doors and the rethinking of wall construction between the late 1920s and the early 1970s. It explores what he wrote about construction in relation to his built projects, and compares his perspective with that of his contemporaries. The firm manufacturing metal fittings that he set up in midcareer reflects his interest in the combined use of the latest technological developments and everyday materials, propelled by an aesthetic drive to build barely-visible frames and structures, and to prioritise content: signs and everyday life. The chapels of St Gertrud and St Knut built in Malmö in 1943 marked a turning point in his career, when he combined walls, doors and windows, exposing the construction techniques but not all the materials, and integrating his construction solutions with the surroundings. After 1955, Lewerentz further experimented with unusual combinations of glass, timber, bricks and mortar, while seeking continuity with Swedish building tradition. His construction methods define a framework of research in which rethinking the use of daily materials exemplifies a way of innovating, as well as a critical stance to many contemporary architectural developments of his time.

2013

Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. “Less or More? The Construction of Lewerentz’s Kiosk in the Malmö Cemetery.” Progreso, Proyecto, Arquitectura 8 (2013): 132-147. Listed in Avery Index. ISSN 21716897. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ppa.2013.i8.09

https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/ppa/article/view/63/68

This analysis focuses on the potential of construction details for transforming the surrounding space of a building. The doors, the windows, the roof, and other elements are analyzed regarding their impact on the inside and the surrounding space of the flower kiosk of Malmo Eastern Cemetery, designed by Sigurd Lewerentz in 1969. Variations of centimeters in the relative position between construction components and other changes can be noticed, comparing the first sketches of this project with its final result. The possible motivations leading to these variations are examined, and related to similar construction details used by the same architect in other buildings. The way windows are fixed to the walls is discussed, to further investigate the views they offer and the lighting they allow. The doors assembly is explored, and how it affects other components. The apparent simplicity of the single, inclined roof surface is studied in detail. The flower kiosk shows how even minor construction elements may have a significant impact on the relationship between a project and its environment.